PRONOUN

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a word or form that substitutes for a nounor noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form.

Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, although many modern theorists would not regard them as a single distinct word class, because of the variety of functions performed by words which are classed as pronouns. Common types include the personal pronouns, relative pronouns,interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns.

The use of pronouns often involves anaphora, where the meaning of the pronoun is dependent on another referential element. This applies particularly to the (third-person) personal pronouns. The referent of the pronoun is often the same as that of a preceding (or sometimes following) noun phrase, called the antecedent of the pronoun. For example, in the sentence That poor man looks as if he needs a new coat, the antecedent of the pronoun he is the noun phrasethat poor man. (Pronouns used without antecedents are sometimes called unprecursedpronouns.) Another type of antecedent is that found with relative pronouns, as in the woman who looked at you, where the woman is the antecedent of the relative pronoun who.

Common types of pronouns found in the world's languages are as follows:

·         Personal pronouns denote an entity of a specific grammatical person: first person (as in the case of I, me, we, etc.), second person (as in the case of you), or third person (he, she,they, etc.)

·         Subject pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause. English example: I like to eat chips, but she does not.

·         Second person formal and informal pronouns (T-V distinction). For example,vous and tu in French. There is no distinction in modern English though Elizabethan English marked the distinction with "thou" (singular informal) and "you" (plural or singular formal).

·         Inclusive and exclusive "we" pronouns indicate whether the audience is included. There is no distinction in English.

·         Intensive pronouns, also known as emphatic pronouns, re-emphasize a noun or pronoun that has already been mentioned. English uses the same forms as the reflexive pronouns; for example: I did it myself (contrast reflexive use, I did it to myself).

·         Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause. English example: John likes mebut not her.

·         Direct and indirect object pronouns. English uses the same oblique form for both; for example: Mary loves him (direct object); Mary sent him a letter (indirect object).

·         Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself. English example: John cut himself.

·         Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship. English example: They do not like each other.

·         Prepositional pronouns come after a preposition. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Anna and Maria looked athim.

·         Disjunctive pronouns are used in isolation or in certain other special grammatical contexts. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Who does this belong to? Me.

·         Dummy pronouns are used when grammatical rules require a noun (or pronoun), but none is semantically required. English example: It is raining.

·         Weak pronouns.

·         Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership.

·         In a strict sense, the possessive pronouns are only those that act syntactically as nouns. English example: Those clothes aremine.

·         Often, though, the term "possessive pronoun" is also applied to the so-called possessive determiners (or possessive adjectives). For example, in English: I lost my wallet. They are not strictly speaking pronouns^{[citation needed]} because they do not substitute for a noun or noun phrase, and as such, some grammarians classify these terms in a separate lexical category called determiners (they have a syntactic role close to that of adjectives, always qualifying a noun).

·         Demonstrative pronouns distinguish the particular objects or people that are referred to from other possible candidates. English example: I'll take these.

·         Indefinite pronouns refer to general categories of people or things. English example: Anyone can do that.

·         Distributive pronouns are used to refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. English example: To eachhis own.

·         Negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of people or things. English example: Nobody thinks that.

·         Relative pronouns refer back to people or things previously mentioned. English example: People who smoke should quit now.

·         Indefinite relative pronouns have some of the properties of both relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of "referring back", but the person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly named. English example: I knowwhat I like.

·         Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. English example: Who did that?

·         In many languages (e.g., Czech, English, French, Interlingua, and Russian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly identical. Compare English: Who is that? (interrogative) to I know who that is. (relative).

16 Tenses beserta Rumus dan Contohnya

Pemakaian kata kerja yang dipergunakan untuk suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan kebiasaan, berbeda dengan pemakaian kata kerja yang dipergunakan dalam kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan kata kerja di pergunakan untuk perbuatan lampau, itu juga berbeda.

Tenses yang dipergunakan dalam bahasa Inggris itu jumlahnya ada 16 waktu, yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “16 tenses “. Maka lebih jelasnya perhatikan bentuk-bentuk waktu berikut:
1 PRESENT TENSE
2 PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
3 PAST TENSE
4 PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
5 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
6 PAST FUTURE TENSE
7 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
8 PAST PERFECT TENSE
9 FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE
10 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
11 PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
12 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
13 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
14 FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
15 FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSE
16 FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE 

Berikut ini adalah contoh-contoh tenses sebagai berikut: 

PRESENT TENSES
*Rumus:
1) Positif (+) = S+V1(es/s)+O
2) Negatif (-) = S+Do/does+Not+V1+O
3) Introgatif(?) =Do/does+S+V1+O 

*Example:
1. (+) He writes a letter every month
(-) He doesn’t writes a letter every month
(?) Dors he writes a letter every month?
2. (+) She teaches English every week
(- ) She doesn’t teaches English every week
(?) Does she teaches English every week?

B.FUNGSI PRESENT TENSES
1. Dilakukan untuk melakukan perbuatan kebiasaan:
Ex:(+) He is works every day
(-) He is not works every day
(?) Is he works every day?
2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum:
Ex:(+) A week has seven day
(-) A week has not seven day
(?) Has a week seven day? 

C. Time Signal
1. Usually
Ex: I usually get up at 5 o’clock
2. Always
Ex: I always drink milk
3. Often
Ex: I often goes to my grand mother house
4. Generally
Ex: A rectangular has four corner
5. Seldom
Ex: She seldom goes to school by car 

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif : S+V.ing+O
2. Negatif : S+do/does+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif : Do/does +S+V1+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I am teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI
(-) I am not teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI
(?) Am I teaching Englidh at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI?
2. (+) you are writing present continous now
(-) you are not writing present continous now
(?) are you writing present continous now?


B. FUNGSI PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi
Ex: (+) I am going to Jakarta Now
(-) I am not going to Jakarta now
(?) Am I going to Jakarta now?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang bersifat sementara
Ex: (+) Chindy is writing now but he will explain soon
(-) Chindy is not writing now but he will explain soon
(?) Is Chindy writing now but he will explain soon? 

C.TIME SIGNAL
1. Today
Ex : Iam today teaching English
2. Right now
Ex : Rini is working right now
3. When
Ex : Rina is coming hear when I go to park
4. Now
Ex : Roy is going to Bandung now
5. Still
Ex : He is still angry to me 

PAST TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+) : S+V2+O
Negatif (-) : S+Did not+V2+O
Introgatif (?): Did+S+V2+O 

*Example:
1. (+) Sarah invite me last week
(-) Sarah did not invite last week
(?) Did Sarah invite last week?
2. (+) I went to Jakarta yesterday
(-) I went not to Jakarta yesterday
(?) went I to Jakarta yesterday?

B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang dimulai dan kejadian ituberakhir , pada masa yang lampau. Dan sampai sekarang ini , sudah tidak ada hubungannya lagi. Kejadian yang lampau itu, baik dilakukan secara berkali-kali atau sekali.
Ex: (+) I went yesterday
(-) I did not went yesterday
(?) Did I went yesterday? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last Year
Ex: I went to Yogjakarta last year
2. Yesterday
Ex: Dini went to my home yesterday
3. Last Week
Ex: I fineshed my worked lasr week
4. Ago
Ex: She taught English three days ago
5. Last Saturday
Ex: I went to here last Saturday 

PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+was/were+vVing+O
2. Negatif (-): S+was/were+not+v.ing+o
3. introgatif (?): was/were+S+v.ing+o 

*Examp;e:
1. (+)The third year student were sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday
(-) The third year student were not sitting behind the teacher’s now yesrterday
(?) Were the third year student sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday?
2. (+) He was playing football yesterday
(-) He was not playing football yesterday
(?) was he playing football yesterday?

B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang sedang berlangsungdalam waktu yang bersamaan di masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) I was going to garden when it began to rain
(-) I was not going to garden when it began to rain
(?) Was I going to garden when it gegan to rain?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) at three o’clock last week, She was reading
(-) at three o’clock last week,She was not reading
(?) at three o’clock last week,was she reading?
c. Bentuk ini, juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang bersamaan waktu dan berlangsung lama pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) I was reading a book, while Ani writing a letter
(-) I was not reading a book,while Ani writing a letter
(?) Was I reading a book,while Ani writing a letter? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last Week
Ex: at seven o’clock last week
2. Yesterday
Ex: all day yesterday 

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall+/will+V1+O
2. Negatif(-): S+shall/will+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+V1+O 

*Example:
1. (+) He will go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(-) He will not go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(?) Will he go to pasir Panjang tomorrow morning?
2. (+) I shall study hard next mounth
(-) I shall not study hard next mounth
(?) Shall I study hard next mounth?

B. FUNGSI SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
a. digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan.
Ex: (+) I shall go to Surakarta tomorrow
(-) I shall not go to Surakarta tomorrow
(?) Shall I go to Surakarta tomorrow?
b. Juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan syatu janji.
Ex: (+) I shall give you book tomorrow
(-) I shall not give you book tomorrow
(?) Shall I give you book tomorrow?
c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu janji,tapi dengan syarat:
Ex: (+) Your mother will give you a new car if you past your exams
(-) Your mother will not give you a new car if you past your exams
(?) Will your mother give you a new car if you past your exams?
d. Digunakan untuk menyantks\an meminta tolong kepada seseorang.
Ex: (+) you will help me lift this table
(-) You will not help me lift this table
(?) Will you help me lift this table? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Tomorrow
Ex: I shall work tomorrow
2. next week
Ex: I shall teach next week
3. Next Mounth
Ex: He will study in here next mounth 

PAST FUTURE TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+V1+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+V1+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I should go to Mojosari next day
(-) I should not go to Mojosari next day
(?) Should I go to Mojosari next day?
2. (+) He would by a car the day before
(-) He would not by a car the day before
(?) Would He by a car the day before?


B. FUNGSI PAST FUTURE TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau.
Ex: (+) I should go to England last year
(-) I should not go to England last year
(?) Should I go to England last year? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last year
Ex: He would go to Semarang last year
2. Last week
Ex: They would trip a Paris last week
3. Before
Ex: I should by a car the day before
4. Next day
Ex: She should go to Riau next day
5. Invited
Ex: They would come if you invited him 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Posituf (+) : S+have/has+V3+O
2. Negatif (-) : S+have/has+not+V3+O
3. Introgatif (?): Have/has+S+V3+O 

*Example:
1. (+) We have learned English for two years
(-) We have not learned English for two years
(?) Have we learned English for two years?
2. (+) She has taught English since 1988
(-) She has not taught English since 1988
(?) Has she taught English since 1988?
B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa yang lampau tanpa menyebutkan waktu yang khusus (tertentu).
Ex: (+) I have gone to school
(-) I have not gone to school
(?) Have I gone to school?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan di masa lampau dan kegiatan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini.
Ex: (+) I have learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000
(-) I have not learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000
(?) Have I learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000?
c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja telah terjadi.
Ex: (+) I have just read my book
(-) I have not just read my book
(?) Have I just read my book? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Already
Ex: have had breakfast already
2. Three Times
Ex: I have been drink medicine three times a day
3. Finally
Ex: finally, He has started to finally 

PAST PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+had+V3+O
2. Negatif (-): S+had not+V3+o
3. Intrigattif (?):Had+S+V3+O 

*Example:
1. (+) The train had left before I arrived
(-) The train had not left before I arrived
(?) Had the train left before I arrived?
2. (+) I had copied the lesson before she come home
(-) I had not copied the lesson before she come home
(?) Had I copied the lesson before she come home?

B. FUNGSI PAST PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang selesai sebelum kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.
Ex: (+) I had come home before I when three
(-) I had not come home before I when three
(?) Had I come home before I when three?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu dimasa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By the end of the mounth, she had lived here
(-) By the end of the mounth, she had not lived here
(?) Had by the end of the mounth, she lived here? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. On
Ex: On sunday morning, I painted my car
2. When
Ex: When my brother arrived, I had painted my car
3. Before
Ex: The train had left before I arrived
4. After
Ex: She told me her name after I had asked her twice 

FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall/will+be+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+shall/will+not+be+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+be+ving+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this station at four
(-) I shall not be waiting for you in this station at four
(?) Shall I be waiting for you in this station at four?
2. (+) I shall be studying at this time tomorrow
(-) I shall not be studying at this time tomorrow
(?) Shall I be studying at this time tomorrow?

B.FUNGSI FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana, yang dilaksanakan mendatang.
Ex: (+) I will be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow
(-) I will not going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow
(?) Will I going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow?
b. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan akan dilakukan dengan waktu tertentu, pada masa mendatang.
Ex: (+) I shall be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow
(-) I shall not be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow
(?) Shall I be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. At nine a o’clock tomorrow
Ex: I shall be working at nine a o’clock tomorrow morning
2. At this time next year
Ex: at this time next year, Peter will be traveling in Japan 

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+have/has+been+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+have/has+not+been+Ving+O
3. Itrogatif (?): Have/has+S+been+Ving+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I have been going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002
(-) I have not going to Painting Samudra for my holiday since 2002
(?) Have I going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002?
2. (+) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
(-) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has not been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
(?) Has Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003?

B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk mnyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan pada masa yang lampau, dan perbuatan itu masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.
Ex: (+) I have been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990
(-) I have not been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990
(?) Have I been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah terjadi dimasa lampau dan akan berlangsung sampiai sekarang.
Ex: (+) I have been studying here since 2000
(-) I have not been studying here since 2000
(?) Have I been studying here since 2000? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Since
Ex: We have been waiting for you since ne o’clock
2. For
Ex: She has been studying English for over five tears
3. This mounth
Ex: I have been studying at his place this mounth 

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+had+been+vVng+O
2. Negatif (-) :S+had+not+been+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?): Had+s+been+ving+o 

*Example:
1. (+) Dodi had been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her
(-) Dodi had not been looking for the girl for a year before heapplied her
(?) Had Dodi been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her?
2. (+) I had been playing a football when they came
(-) I had not been playing a football when they came
(?) Had I been playing a football when they came?

B. FUNGSI PASTPERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung lama
sebelum kejadian yang lain di masa yang lampau juga.
Ex: (+) I had been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet
(-) I had not been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet
(?) Had I been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. When
Ex: I finished my dinner, Peter had been 

FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+will/shall+have+V3+O
2. negatif (-) : S+will/shall+not+have+V3+O
3. Introgatif (?): Will/shall+S+have+V3+O 

*Example:
1. (+) She will have written his lesson by time he go out
(-) She will not have written his lesson by time he go out
(?) Will she have written his lesson by time he go out?
2. (+) The game will finished by the time he get three
(-) The game will not finished by the time he get three
(?) Will the game finished by the time he get three?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbutan yang akan selesai, Sebelum waktu yang lain dimasa mendatang.
Ex: (+) By next week he will have read this book
(-) By next week he will not have read this book
(?) Will by next week he have read trhis book?
b. Juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa akn selesai sebelum perbuatan lain, dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: (+) When I comes, my uncle will have left my house
(-) When I comes,my uncle will not have left my house
(?) Will when I comes,my uncle have left my house? 

C.TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of
Ex: John will have done his work by the end of this week
2. By next
Ex: By next week he will have read this book 

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall/will+have+been+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+shall+will+not+have+been+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?):Shall/will+S+have+been+Ving+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I shall have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
(-) I shall not have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
(?) Shall I have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow?
2. (+) By next fast day I shall have been teaching here six mounths
(-) By next fast day I shall not have been teaching here six mounths
(?) By next fast day shall I have been teaching here six mounths?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah dikerakan pada masa yang lampau,dan masih berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: By the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for five year 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this year
Ex: by the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for four year
2. By the end of this month
Ex: By the end of this month, I shall have been working in this office for five years 

FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+be+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+be+V.ing+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+be+V.ing+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I should be finishing this home work at this time following week
(-) I should not be finishing this home work at this time following week
(?) Should I be finishing this home work at this time following week?
2. (+) We should be going to beach the following week
(-) We should not be going to beach the following week
(?) Should we be going to beach the following week?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: I should be taking an examination at this time the following day 

C. TIME SIGNAL
Last week
Ex: At six o’clock last week, I should be buying in this supermarket 

FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+have+V2+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+have+V2+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+not+have+V2+O 

*Example:
1. (+) I should have paif if I had come here
(-) I should not have paif if I had come here
(?) Should I have paif if I had come here?
2. (+) He would have sucses if he had worked here
(-) He would not have sucses if he had worked here
(?) Would he have sucses if he had worked here?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syarat yang tidak terpenuhi, namun hanya sebagai bayangan saja.
Ex: (+) He would have graduated if he had studied hard
(-) He would not have graduated if he had studied hard
(?) Would he have graduated if he had studied hard? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. If he had studied hard
Ex: They would have graduated if they had studied hard 

FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+have+been+V.ing+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+have+been+V.ing+O
3. Inttrogatif (?): Should/would+S+have+been+V.ing+O 

*Example:
1. (+) By last Febuary I should have been working this restaurant for one year
(-) By last Febuary I should not have been working this restaurant for one year
(?) should by last Febuary I have been working this restaurant for one year?
2. (+) By last July we should have been studying this school for three years
(-) By last July we should not have been studying this school for three year
(?) Should by last July we have been studying this school for three years?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By last lebaran I should have been working in that office for five years
(-) By last  lebaran I should not have been working in that office for five years
(?) Should by last  lebaran I have been working in that office for five years? 

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this week
Ex: By the ed of this week, I should have come here
2. By the end of this mounth
Ex: By the end of this mounth, He would have graduated studied